Biomarker Description Library | MyMedic Healthcare

Albumin What: Albumin is the most abundant protein in human blood plasma, synthesized by the liver. It acts like a sponge, helping to maintain osmotic pressure, which prevents fluid from leaking out of blood vessels into tissues. It also plays a crucial role in transporting various substances throughout the body, including hormones, vitamins, fatty acids, and medications. Shows: Albumin levels reflect the liver's ability to produce this essential protein. Low levels can indicate liver disease (as the liver's capacity to synthesize albumin is compromised), kidney disease (where albumin can be lost in the urine), malnutrition (lack of the necessary building blocks – amino acids – to produce proteins), or inflammation (where albumin production might be reduced or its breakdown increased). High albumin levels are less common and are often a sign of dehydration, where the concentration of proteins in the blood becomes higher relative to the fluid volume. Benefits: Maintaining adequate albumin levels is vital for several bodily functions. It ensures proper fluid balance, preventing swelling or edema. It facilitates the transport of essential molecules, ensuring they reach their target tissues and organs. Furthermore, albumin contributes to tissue repair and growth. Monitoring albumin levels can help identify underlying health issues early on, allowing for timely intervention. Who: This test is beneficial for anyone seeking a broad assessment of their overall health, particularly their nutritional status and liver function. It's often included in routine blood tests and is especially important for individuals with known or suspected liver or kidney disease, those experiencing unexplained weight loss or swelling, or those with conditions affecting nutrient absorption. Important: It's crucial to remember that albumin levels can be influenced by factors beyond liver function and nutrition. Dehydration can artificially inflate albumin levels, while overhydration can dilute them. Inflammation, infections, and certain medications can also affect albumin concentrations. Therefore, albumin levels should always be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical findings and laboratory tests.

ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase) What: Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found in various tissues throughout the body, with particularly high concentrations in the liver, bones, and bile ducts. Smaller amounts are also present in the intestines and placenta. Different forms (isoenzymes) of ALP exist, originating from these different tissues. Shows: Elevated levels of ALP in the blood often suggest problems with the liver or bones. When liver cells are damaged or bile flow is obstructed, ALP can leak into the bloodstream, leading to higher levels. Similarly, during periods of rapid bone growth (like in childhood and adolescence), or in conditions involving increased bone turnover (such as fractures, Paget's disease, or bone cancer), ALP levels can also rise. Benefits: Measuring ALP levels is a valuable tool for assessing the health of the liver and bones. It can help detect liver diseases like cholestasis (reduced or blocked bile flow), hepatitis, or cirrhosis. In the context of bone health, it can aid in diagnosing bone disorders and monitoring bone growth or healing. Who: This test is often part of a routine health check and is particularly recommended for individuals experiencing symptoms related to liver or bone issues, such as jaundice, abdominal pain, bone pain, or frequent fractures. It's also used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment for liver or bone conditions. Important: ALP levels can naturally vary depending on age, with higher levels being normal in children and adolescents due to active bone growth. Pregnancy can also lead to increased ALP levels due to placental production. Certain medications and other health conditions can also influence ALP levels, so a thorough medical history is important for proper interpretation. If ALP is elevated, further tests, such as GGT (another liver enzyme) or specific bone markers, may be needed to determine the source of the elevation.

ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase) What: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is an enzyme primarily found in the liver cells. While smaller amounts can be found in other tissues like the kidneys and muscles, it is considered a more specific indicator of liver health compared to AST. Shows: When liver cells are damaged or inflamed, they release ALT into the bloodstream, leading to elevated levels. Therefore, high ALT levels are a sensitive marker for liver damage or injury from various causes, including viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, and other liver disorders. Benefits: Monitoring ALT levels is crucial for detecting potential liver problems early, often before symptoms become apparent. This allows for timely diagnosis and intervention, which can help prevent further liver damage and improve outcomes. It's also used to monitor the progression of liver disease and the effectiveness of treatment. Who: This test is often recommended for individuals interested in monitoring their liver health, especially those with risk factors for liver disease such as heavy alcohol consumption, obesity, diabetes, a family history of liver disease, or those taking medications known to affect the liver. It's also indicated for individuals experiencing symptoms like fatigue, jaundice, or abdominal pain. Important: ALT levels can be temporarily elevated due to factors other than significant liver disease. Strenuous exercise, particularly involving muscle breakdown, and the use of certain medications (including over-the-counter pain relievers) can cause transient increases in ALT. It's important to inform your healthcare provider about your lifestyle and any medications you are taking when having your ALT levels checked.

AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase) What: Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme found in various tissues throughout the body, with high concentrations in the liver, heart, muscles, kidneys, and brain. While it is often measured alongside ALT to assess liver health, its presence in multiple organs means that elevated levels are not as specific to the liver as ALT. Shows: Similar to ALT, when cells in the liver or other organs containing AST are damaged, the enzyme is released into the bloodstream, leading to elevated levels. High AST levels can indicate liver damage or inflammation from conditions like hepatitis, cirrhosis, or alcohol abuse. However, elevated AST can also be a sign of damage to other organs, such as a heart attack, muscle injury, kidney disease, or certain neurological conditions. Benefits: Measuring AST levels can help in detecting potential liver problems, especially when considered in conjunction with ALT and other liver function tests. The ratio of AST to ALT can sometimes provide clues about the cause of liver damage (for example, a higher AST to ALT ratio is often seen in alcoholic liver disease). It can also help in the diagnosis of conditions affecting the heart and muscles. Who: This test is often included in a liver panel or a comprehensive metabolic panel. It is recommended for individuals at risk of liver disease, those with symptoms of liver problems, and those being evaluated for heart or muscle injury. Important: Because AST is not as specific to the liver as ALT, an elevated AST level may require further investigation to determine the underlying cause. Factors like strenuous exercise, muscle injury, heart conditions, and certain medications can lead to temporary increases in AST levels. It's important to discuss your medical history and lifestyle with your healthcare provider for accurate interpretation of AST results.

Basophils What: Basophils are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the body's immune response, particularly in allergic reactions and inflammation. They are the least common type of granulocyte (a type of white blood cell with granules containing enzymes and other substances). When activated, basophils release histamine and other chemicals that contribute to inflammation and the symptoms of allergies. Shows: A standard blood test called a complete blood count (CBC) includes a measurement of the number of basophils in your blood. While basophil levels are typically very low, an increase in basophils (basophilia) can be seen in various conditions, including allergic reactions (such as food allergies or reactions to insect stings), certain infections, some types of leukemia or other blood disorders, and inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis. A decrease in basophils (basopenia) is less common and is not usually considered clinically significant. Benefits: Monitoring basophil levels can provide insights into the overall health of the immune system and the body's response to allergens or inflammatory processes. Significant changes in basophil counts can prompt further investigation to identify the underlying cause of an allergic reaction, infection, or other medical condition. Who: This measurement is part of a routine CBC, which is often ordered as part of a general health check or when there are concerns about infection, inflammation, or allergic reactions. Individuals with known allergies or those being evaluated for potential blood disorders may have their basophil levels monitored. Important: Basophil levels are typically low, and minor fluctuations may not be clinically significant. However, a consistently elevated or significantly increased basophil count warrants further investigation by a healthcare professional to determine the underlying cause and appropriate management.

Bilirubin What: Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment produced during the normal breakdown of red blood cells in the body. The liver plays a key role in processing bilirubin. It converts unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin, which is not water-soluble, into conjugated (direct) bilirubin, which is water-soluble and can be excreted in bile. Total bilirubin measured in a blood test includes both unconjugated and conjugated forms. Shows: Bilirubin levels are a key indicator of liver health and function. Elevated total bilirubin levels can suggest that the liver is not properly processing bilirubin, which can occur due to various liver conditions such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or blockages in the bile ducts. Increased breakdown of red blood cells (hemolysis) can also lead to higher bilirubin levels. Elevated direct bilirubin often indicates a problem with the liver's ability to excrete bilirubin. Benefits: Measuring bilirubin levels is essential for diagnosing and monitoring liver and gallbladder disorders. It can help detect problems like jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), which is a common sign of elevated bilirubin. Monitoring bilirubin levels is also important in managing conditions that affect red blood cell breakdown. Who: This test is often included in a liver function panel and is recommended for individuals experiencing symptoms of liver problems, such as jaundice, dark urine, pale stools, abdominal pain, or fatigue. It's also used to monitor individuals with known liver conditions or those taking medications that can affect liver function. Important: Bilirubin levels can be elevated due to various factors, not all of which indicate serious liver disease. Gilbert's syndrome, a common and harmless inherited condition, can cause mild elevations in bilirubin. Certain medications and conditions that increase red blood cell breakdown can also lead to higher bilirubin levels. Therefore, bilirubin levels should be interpreted in the context of other liver function tests and the individual's overall health.

Cholesterol What: Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that's found in all cells in your body. Your liver makes cholesterol, and it's also found in some foods, such as meat and dairy products. Cholesterol is essential for building healthy cells, but high levels of certain types of cholesterol in the blood can increase your risk of heart disease. The main types of cholesterol measured are total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol (often called "bad" cholesterol), HDL cholesterol (often called "good" cholesterol), and triglycerides (another type of fat in the blood). Shows: A lipid panel, which measures cholesterol levels, is primarily used to assess your risk of developing heart disease. High levels of LDL cholesterol can lead to the buildup of plaque in your arteries (atherosclerosis), narrowing them and increasing your risk of heart attack and stroke. High levels of HDL cholesterol are considered protective because HDL helps remove LDL cholesterol from the arteries. High triglyceride levels can also contribute to heart disease risk. Benefits: Monitoring cholesterol levels is crucial for long-term cardiovascular health. By identifying high cholesterol early, lifestyle changes (such as diet and exercise) and, if necessary, medications can be implemented to lower levels and reduce the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other cardiovascular events. Who: Routine cholesterol screening is recommended for all adults, typically starting around age 20, and should be repeated every 4 to 6 years for those with low risk. More frequent testing is recommended for individuals with risk factors for heart disease, such as a family history of heart disease, smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, or being overweight or obese. Important: Lifestyle changes, including adopting a heart-healthy diet low in saturated and trans fats, engaging in regular physical activity, and maintaining a healthy weight, are essential for managing cholesterol levels. Medications, such as statins, may be prescribed if lifestyle changes alone are not sufficient to lower cholesterol to healthy levels. It's important to work with your healthcare provider to develop a personalized plan for managing your cholesterol.

Creatinine What: Creatinine is a waste product that results from the normal breakdown of muscle tissue. It is produced at a relatively constant rate by the body and is filtered from the blood by the kidneys. The kidneys then excrete creatinine in the urine. Shows: The level of creatinine in the blood is a key indicator of how well the kidneys are functioning. When kidney function is impaired, the kidneys are less effective at filtering creatinine from the blood, leading to an increase in blood creatinine levels. Higher creatinine levels generally indicate reduced kidney function. Benefits: Measuring creatinine levels is a simple and effective way to assess kidney function. Early detection of elevated creatinine can help identify kidney problems in their early stages, allowing for interventions to preserve kidney health and prevent the progression of kidney disease. Monitoring creatinine levels is also important for individuals with known kidney disease to track the progression of their condition and the effectiveness of treatment. Who: Creatinine testing is an important part of routine health checks and is particularly important for individuals with risk factors for kidney disease, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, a family history of kidney disease, or those taking medications that can affect kidney function. It is also indicated for individuals experiencing symptoms of kidney problems, such as changes in urination, swelling, or fatigue. Important: Creatinine levels can be temporarily affected by factors other than kidney disease. Dehydration can lead to a temporary increase in creatinine levels. Certain medications and high protein intake can also slightly elevate creatinine. Additionally, creatinine levels can vary based on an individual's muscle mass, age, and sex. Therefore, creatinine levels should be interpreted in the context of the individual's overall health and other kidney function tests, such as eGFR.

eGFR (Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate) What: The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is a calculation that provides a more precise estimate of how well your kidneys are filtering waste from your blood. It is calculated using the creatinine level in your blood, along with other factors such as your age, sex, and sometimes race. The glomeruli are tiny filters in the kidneys that remove waste products from the blood. Shows: eGFR provides a comprehensive assessment of overall kidney health. A higher eGFR indicates better kidney function, while a lower eGFR suggests that the kidneys are not filtering waste as effectively as they should. eGFR is often used to stage chronic kidney disease (CKD), with lower eGFR values indicating more advanced stages of kidney disease. Benefits: eGFR is a key marker for tracking kidney function over time and is more informative than creatinine alone because it takes into account factors that can influence creatinine levels independently of kidney function. Monitoring eGFR helps healthcare providers detect kidney disease early, assess its severity, and guide treatment decisions to slow its progression and prevent complications. Who: eGFR is typically calculated whenever a creatinine test is done, especially for adults. It is particularly important for individuals with known kidney disease or those with risk factors for kidney disease, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and a family history of kidney problems. Important: eGFR provides a more accurate assessment of kidney function than creatinine alone because it adjusts for factors like age, sex, and sometimes race, which can affect creatinine levels. It is a valuable tool for early detection and management of kidney disease. However, it's important to note that certain conditions can affect the accuracy of eGFR, and in some cases, more direct measurements of kidney function may be necessary.

Eosinophils What: Eosinophils are another type of white blood cell that plays a role in the immune system. They are particularly involved in fighting parasitic infections and are also implicated in allergic reactions and asthma. Eosinophils release various substances that can contribute to inflammation. Shows: An elevated number of eosinophils in the blood (eosinophilia) can indicate a variety of conditions. It is most commonly associated with allergic disorders such as asthma, hay fever (allergic rhinitis), eczema, and drug allergies. Eosinophilia is also a hallmark of parasitic infections. Less commonly, elevated eosinophils can be seen in certain autoimmune diseases, some types of cancer, and reactions to certain medications. Benefits: Monitoring eosinophil counts can help in diagnosing and managing allergic disorders and parasitic infections. It can also provide clues about other underlying inflammatory or immune conditions. Changes in eosinophil levels can help healthcare providers understand how the body is responding to these conditions or to treatment. Who: Eosinophil counts are typically included in a complete blood count (CBC). This test may be ordered when someone has symptoms of allergies, is suspected of having a parasitic infection (especially after travel to certain regions), or is being evaluated for inflammatory conditions. Important: Eosinophil levels can be elevated in response to a wide range of conditions, and the degree of elevation can vary. Mild elevations are common in allergies, while very high levels may suggest a more significant underlying issue. Therefore, it's important to consider eosinophil levels in the context of a person's symptoms, medical history, and other test results.

Ferritin What: Ferritin is a protein found inside cells that stores iron. It is the primary form of iron storage in the body. While ferritin is found in cells throughout the body, it is most concentrated in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. The amount of ferritin in the blood is usually directly related to the amount of iron stored in your body. Shows: A ferritin blood test is used to measure the level of ferritin in your blood, which is an indirect measure of your body's total iron stores. Low ferritin levels typically indicate iron deficiency, which can lead to iron deficiency anemia. High ferritin levels can indicate iron overload (hemochromatosis), but can also be elevated in response to inflammation, infection, liver disease, or certain types of cancer. Benefits: Measuring ferritin levels is crucial for identifying iron deficiency, often before anemia develops (when hemoglobin levels are low). It also helps in diagnosing iron overload conditions. Monitoring ferritin levels is important for individuals at risk of iron deficiency or overload, as well as for those being treated for these conditions. Who: Ferritin testing is often recommended for individuals experiencing symptoms of iron deficiency, such as fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath. It is also commonly ordered for people at higher risk of iron deficiency, including women with heavy menstrual periods, pregnant women, blood donors, and individuals with dietary restrictions (like vegetarians and vegans). High ferritin levels may prompt testing for iron overload or investigation into inflammatory conditions. Important: Ferritin is an acute-phase reactant, meaning its levels can be elevated in response to inflammation, even if iron stores are low. Therefore, a high ferritin level does not always indicate iron overload. It's often necessary to interpret ferritin levels alongside other iron status markers, such as serum iron, transferrin saturation, and total iron-binding capacity, to get a complete picture of iron metabolism.

FT4 (Free Thyroxine) What: FT4, or free thyroxine, is one of the two main hormones produced by the thyroid gland. Thyroxine (T4) is the main hormone produced, but it is mostly bound to proteins in the blood. Only a small fraction of T4 is unbound or "free" (FT4), and this is the biologically active form that can enter cells and exert its effects on metabolism. Shows: Measuring FT4 levels helps assess the function of the thyroid gland. Low FT4 levels usually indicate hypothyroidism (an underactive thyroid), where the thyroid gland is not producing enough thyroid hormone. High FT4 levels typically suggest hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid), where the thyroid gland is producing too much thyroid hormone. Benefits: Ensuring optimal thyroid function is crucial for regulating energy levels, metabolism, body temperature, heart rate, and many other bodily functions. Monitoring FT4 levels is essential for diagnosing thyroid disorders and managing their treatment. Early detection and management of thyroid problems can significantly improve overall health and well-being. Who: FT4 testing is often ordered when someone has symptoms suggestive of a thyroid disorder, such as fatigue, weight changes, changes in heart rate, feeling too cold or too hot, or anxiety. It is also used to monitor individuals with known thyroid conditions and to adjust their medication dosage as needed. Important: While FT4 is a key indicator of thyroid function, other factors can sometimes affect test results. Certain medications, pregnancy, and severe non-thyroidal illnesses can influence FT4 levels. Therefore, FT4 results are usually interpreted in conjunction with other thyroid tests, such as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and the individual's clinical presentation.

GGT (Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase) What: Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is an enzyme found primarily in the liver and bile ducts, but also present in smaller amounts in other organs like the kidneys, spleen, and pancreas. It plays a role in the transfer of amino acids across cell membranes. Shows: Elevated levels of GGT in the blood are often a sensitive indicator of liver damage or disease, particularly bile duct obstruction. It is also frequently elevated in individuals who consume excessive alcohol, even in the absence of significant liver disease. Other causes of elevated GGT include non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatitis, cirrhosis, and certain medications. Benefits: GGT testing is often used to screen for liver disease and to help assess the cause of elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP). If both ALP and GGT are elevated, it is more likely that the ALP elevation is due to a liver problem rather than a bone issue (as GGT is usually normal when ALP is elevated due to bone disease). Monitoring GGT levels can also be useful in tracking alcohol consumption and assessing liver recovery after alcohol-related damage. Who: GGT testing is often included in a comprehensive liver function panel and is recommended for individuals with suspected liver disease, those who report heavy alcohol use, or those with other risk factors for liver problems. It may also be ordered when other liver enzymes, like ALT or AST, are elevated. Important: GGT is a very sensitive marker for liver damage and bile duct issues, but it is not very specific, as its levels can be elevated by various factors, including alcohol, certain medications (like some anticonvulsants and antidepressants), and other medical conditions. Therefore, an elevated GGT level may require further investigation to determine the underlying cause.

Globulin What: Globulins are a diverse group of proteins in the blood that perform a variety of functions, including immune responses (immunoglobulins or antibodies), transport of substances (like hormones and lipids), and blood clotting. Albumin and globulins together make up the total protein in the blood. Globulins can be further divided into different types, such as alpha, beta, and gamma globulins, each with specific roles. Shows: The level of total globulin in the blood provides information about overall protein status and can sometimes indicate underlying health issues. High total globulin levels can be seen in conditions involving chronic inflammation, infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain types of cancer, such as multiple myeloma (where there is an overproduction of a specific type of globulin). Low globulin levels can occur in malnutrition, liver disease (as the liver produces many globulins), kidney disease (where globulins can be lost in the urine), and certain immune deficiency disorders. Benefits: Measuring globulin levels, often as part of a total protein test, can provide insights into a person's nutritional status and help assess various health conditions, particularly those affecting the immune system, liver, or kidneys. The ratio of albumin to globulin (A/G ratio) is also often calculated and can provide additional diagnostic information. Further analysis of specific globulin types through a test called serum protein electrophoresis can help pinpoint the cause of abnormal globulin levels. Who: Globulin levels are typically measured as part of a routine blood test called a protein panel or comprehensive metabolic panel. Further investigation of globulin levels may be warranted in individuals with symptoms of liver disease, kidney disease, nutritional deficiencies, or immune disorders. Important: Globulin levels can be affected by a wide range of factors, including hydration status, inflammation, infection, and various medical conditions. Interpreting globulin levels often involves looking at the albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio and sometimes requires further testing to identify specific abnormalities in the different types of globulins.

HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) What: High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is often referred to as "good" cholesterol. It acts as a scavenger, picking up excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and transporting it back to the liver for processing and elimination from the body. This process helps prevent the buildup of plaque in the arteries. Shows: Low levels of HDL cholesterol are associated with an increased risk of developing heart disease. Conversely, higher levels of HDL are generally considered protective against cardiovascular disease. Benefits: Monitoring HDL cholesterol levels is crucial for assessing and managing long-term cardiovascular health. Maintaining healthy HDL levels can help reduce the risk of atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), heart attack, and stroke. Who: Routine cholesterol screening is recommended for all adults to assess their baseline HDL levels. Individuals with a family history of heart disease, those who smoke, are overweight or obese, or have other risk factors for cardiovascular disease should pay particular attention to their HDL levels. Important: Lifestyle modifications, such as regular aerobic exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, quitting smoking, and consuming a diet rich in healthy fats (like those found in avocados, nuts, and olive oil), can help improve HDL cholesterol levels. While medications to specifically raise HDL are less common, managing overall cholesterol and triglyceride levels is often the focus.

HDL % of Total Cholesterol What: This calculation represents the proportion of your total cholesterol that is made up of HDL cholesterol. It provides a relative measure of the "good" cholesterol in relation to the total amount of cholesterol in your blood. Shows: A higher percentage of HDL cholesterol relative to total cholesterol is generally considered a positive indicator for heart health. It suggests a better balance of cholesterol types in the blood. Benefits: This percentage offers a more nuanced perspective on cholesterol balance than just looking at the absolute HDL number alone. It can help individuals and healthcare providers assess cardiovascular risk in a more comprehensive way. Who: This is typically included as part of a standard cholesterol panel for all adults. It helps provide a broader picture of their lipid profile. Important: While focusing on increasing the absolute value of HDL is important, improving the HDL percentage often reflects positive lifestyle changes that benefit overall cardiovascular health.

Haemoglobin What: Haemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and transporting carbon dioxide back to the lungs. It contains iron, which gives blood its red color. Shows: Low haemoglobin levels indicate anaemia, a condition where the body doesn't have enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to the tissues. This can lead to fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. High haemoglobin levels can indicate polycythaemia, a condition where there are too many red blood cells, which can thicken the blood and increase the risk of blood clots. Benefits: Measuring haemoglobin is essential for diagnosing and classifying anaemia, which can have various underlying causes, including iron deficiency, vitamin deficiencies, chronic diseases, and genetic conditions. Identifying the cause of anaemia is crucial for determining the appropriate treatment. Who: Haemoglobin levels are routinely checked as part of a complete blood count (CBC), which is a common screening test for overall health. It's particularly important for individuals experiencing symptoms of anaemia or those at risk, such as pregnant women, individuals with chronic diseases, and those with poor nutrition. Important: Haemoglobin levels can be influenced by factors such as altitude, hydration status, and certain medical conditions. Further investigation, including other blood tests and a review of medical history, is usually required to determine the underlying cause of abnormal haemoglobin levels.

Haematocrit What: Haematocrit (Hct) is the percentage of your blood volume that is made up of red blood cells. It essentially measures the proportion of red blood cells to the total volume of blood. Shows: Similar to haemoglobin, low haematocrit levels often indicate anaemia, reflecting a lower concentration of red blood cells in the blood. High haematocrit levels can suggest polycythaemia, where there is an abnormally high concentration of red blood cells, or it can be a sign of dehydration, where the fluid portion of the blood is reduced. Benefits: Haematocrit is often used in conjunction with haemoglobin levels to diagnose and classify anaemia. It provides another way to assess the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Who: Haematocrit is also a standard component of a complete blood count (CBC) and is used for routine health screening in adults. It is particularly relevant for individuals being evaluated for anaemia or polycythaemia. Important: Like haemoglobin, haematocrit levels can be affected by factors such as hydration status and altitude. Abnormal haematocrit levels typically warrant further investigation to determine the underlying cause.

hsCRP (High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein) What: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is a blood test that measures low levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation. The "high-sensitivity" version of the test is specifically designed to detect even small increases in CRP, which can be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Shows: Elevated hsCRP levels indicate the presence of systemic (body-wide) inflammation. While it doesn't pinpoint the location or cause of the inflammation, it can suggest an increased risk of developing heart disease, stroke, and other conditions linked to chronic low-grade inflammation. Benefits: hsCRP can help identify individuals who may be at higher risk for cardiovascular events, even if their cholesterol levels are within normal ranges. It can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatments aimed at reducing inflammation. Who: hsCRP testing may be considered for individuals with multiple risk factors for heart disease or those whose risk assessment falls into an intermediate category based on traditional risk factors. It is not typically used as a routine screening test for everyone. Important: hsCRP levels can be temporarily elevated due to various factors, including recent infections, injuries, intense exercise, and inflammatory conditions like arthritis. Therefore, the results should be interpreted in the context of an individual's overall health, medical history, and other risk factors. Repeat testing may be necessary to confirm persistently elevated levels.

Iron What: This test refers to the measurement of serum iron, which is the amount of iron circulating in the blood that is bound to transferrin, a protein that transports iron throughout the body. Shows: Low serum iron levels can indicate iron deficiency, which can lead to iron deficiency anaemia. High serum iron levels may suggest iron overload (hemochromatosis) or certain types of anaemia where iron is not being properly utilized. Benefits: Assessing iron status is crucial for maintaining overall health. Iron is essential for the production of haemoglobin, which carries oxygen. Optimal iron levels are vital for energy production, cognitive function, and a healthy immune system. Who: Iron testing is often recommended for individuals experiencing symptoms of iron deficiency, such as fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath. It's also important for those at higher risk of iron deficiency, including women with heavy menstrual periods, pregnant women, vegetarians and vegans with inadequate iron intake, and individuals with chronic blood loss. Important: Serum iron levels can fluctuate throughout the day and are influenced by recent iron intake. Therefore, iron levels are often interpreted in conjunction with other iron studies, such as ferritin (which measures stored iron), transferrin saturation, and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), to get a comprehensive picture of iron status. Dietary intake and any iron supplementation should also be considered.

LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) What: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is often referred to as "bad" cholesterol. It transports cholesterol from the liver to the body's tissues. When there is too much LDL cholesterol in the blood, it can build up in the walls of the arteries, forming plaque. This plaque can narrow the arteries and restrict blood flow, increasing the risk of heart attack and stroke. Shows: High levels of LDL cholesterol are a major risk factor for developing atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) and cardiovascular diseases, including heart attack and stroke. Benefits: Early detection and management of high LDL cholesterol levels are crucial for preventing cardiovascular complications. Lowering LDL cholesterol through lifestyle changes and, if necessary, medication can significantly reduce the risk of these serious health events. Who: Routine cholesterol screening is recommended for all adults to assess their LDL levels. Individuals with a family history of high cholesterol or heart disease, those who smoke, have high blood pressure, diabetes, or are overweight or obese are at higher risk and should be regularly monitored. Important: Lifestyle modifications, such as following a heart-healthy diet low in saturated and trans fats, engaging in regular physical activity, and maintaining a healthy weight, are essential for managing LDL cholesterol. Medications, such as statins, may be prescribed if lifestyle changes alone are not sufficient to lower LDL to target levels.

Lymphocytes What: Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that plays a central role in the body's immune system. They are responsible for recognizing specific foreign invaders, such as viruses and bacteria, and mounting an immune response to eliminate them. There are three main types of lymphocytes: B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, each with distinct functions. Shows: An elevated lymphocyte count (lymphocytosis) can indicate a viral infection, some bacterial infections, or certain types of leukemia or lymphoma. A low lymphocyte count (lymphopenia) can be a sign of immune deficiency, certain infections (like HIV), or bone marrow disorders. Benefits: Monitoring lymphocyte levels, as part of a complete blood count with differential, helps assess the overall health and function of the immune system and can aid in detecting potential infections or immune disorders. Who: Lymphocyte counts are routinely checked as part of a CBC with differential. This is often ordered during routine health checks or when there are concerns about infection or immune system function. Important: The absolute lymphocyte count is often more informative than just the percentage of lymphocytes. Further investigation, including specific tests to evaluate lymphocyte subsets, may be necessary to understand the underlying cause of abnormal lymphocyte levels and their clinical significance.

MCH (Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin) What: Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) is a measure of the average amount (weight) of haemoglobin contained within a single red blood cell. Shows: Low MCH values are typically seen in microcytic anaemia, where red blood cells are smaller than normal, often associated with iron deficiency or thalassaemia. High MCH values are characteristic of macrocytic anaemia, where red blood cells are larger than normal, often caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. Benefits: MCH is one of the red blood cell indices that helps in classifying the type of anaemia, providing clues about the potential underlying cause and guiding further diagnostic testing. Who: MCH is calculated as part of a complete blood count (CBC) and is relevant for anyone undergoing this test, particularly those being evaluated for anaemia. Important: MCH is usually interpreted in conjunction with other red blood cell indices, such as MCV (mean corpuscular volume, which measures the average size of red blood cells) and MCHC (mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, which measures the average concentration of haemoglobin within a red blood cell).

MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration) What: Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is a measure of the average concentration of haemoglobin within a single red blood cell. It essentially indicates the proportion of each red blood cell's volume that is occupied by haemoglobin. Shows: Low MCHC values are characteristic of hypochromic anaemia, where red blood cells have a lower concentration of haemoglobin, often seen in iron deficiency anaemia and thalassaemia. High MCHC values are less common and can be associated with conditions like hereditary spherocytosis (a red blood cell disorder) or in cases of severe dehydration. Benefits: MCHC is another important red blood cell index used to classify anaemia and provides further information about the haemoglobin content of red blood cells. Who: MCHC is calculated as part of a complete blood count (CBC) and is relevant for anyone undergoing this test, especially those being evaluated for anaemia. Important: MCHC is typically interpreted alongside other red blood cell indices, such as MCV and MCH, to help diagnose and classify different types of anaemia.

MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume) What: Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is a measure of the average size (volume) of a single red blood cell. It is a key parameter in classifying anaemia. Shows: MCV helps categorize anaemia into three main types based on red blood cell size: Microcytic: Low MCV, indicating smaller than normal red blood cells, often seen in iron deficiency anaemia, thalassaemia, and some chronic diseases. Normocytic: Normal MCV, indicating red blood cells of normal size, which can be seen in acute blood loss, haemolytic anaemia, and some chronic diseases. Macrocytic: High MCV, indicating larger than normal red blood cells, often seen in vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. Benefits: MCV is a fundamental parameter in the diagnosis and classification of anaemia, helping to narrow down the potential underlying causes and guide further investigations and treatment. Who: MCV is calculated as part of a complete blood count (CBC) and is relevant for anyone undergoing this test, particularly those being evaluated for anaemia or other blood disorders. Important: MCV is always interpreted in conjunction with other red blood cell indices (MCH and MCHC) and the overall clinical picture to accurately diagnose the cause of anaemia.

Monocytes What: Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. They are larger than other white blood cells and circulate in the blood before migrating into tissues, where they mature into macrophages or dendritic cells. Macrophages engulf and digest cellular debris, pathogens, and cancer cells, while dendritic cells present antigens to other immune cells, initiating an immune response. Shows: An increased number of monocytes in the blood (monocytosis) can be seen in chronic infections (such as tuberculosis or endocarditis), certain autoimmune disorders (like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis), and some types of cancer (like leukemia). A low monocyte count (monocytopenia) is less common and can occur in certain bone marrow disorders or during severe infections. Benefits: Monitoring monocyte levels, as part of a complete blood count with differential, can provide insights into the body's immune response, particularly in the context of chronic inflammation or infection. Who: Monocyte counts are routinely checked as part of a CBC with differential. This test may be ordered when there are concerns about chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, or when evaluating for potential blood disorders. Important: While changes in monocyte counts can be indicative of certain health conditions, they are often interpreted in relation to other white blood cell counts and the overall clinical picture. Significant or persistent abnormalities in monocyte levels may warrant further investigation to determine the underlying cause.

Neutrophils What: Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell in the blood and are a key component of the innate immune system. They are the first responders to infection, particularly bacterial infections, and play a critical role in fighting off pathogens through phagocytosis (engulfing and destroying bacteria and other foreign materials). Shows: An elevated neutrophil count (neutrophilia) is often a sign of a bacterial infection, inflammation (such as from injury or certain medical conditions), or stress. It can also occur after surgery. A low neutrophil count (neutropenia) can increase the risk of infection, as the body has fewer cells to fight off invading pathogens. Neutropenia can be caused by certain medications, autoimmune disorders, bone marrow problems, or severe infections. Benefits: Monitoring neutrophil levels, as part of a complete blood count with differential, is essential for evaluating the body's immune response to infection and inflammation. It can help in diagnosing infections and monitoring the effectiveness of treatment. Who: Neutrophil counts are routinely checked as part of a CBC with differential. This is often ordered when there are signs or symptoms of infection, such as fever, redness, swelling, or pain. It is also important for individuals at risk of infection due to other medical conditions or treatments (like chemotherapy). Important: Neutrophil levels can fluctuate significantly in response to various factors, including the type and severity of an infection, the timing of the blood draw in relation to the onset of illness, and the use of certain medications. Therefore, neutrophil counts should be interpreted in the context of the individual's overall clinical condition.

Non-HDL Cholesterol What: Non-HDL cholesterol is a calculated value that represents the total amount of "bad" cholesterol in your blood. It is derived by subtracting your HDL cholesterol (the "good" cholesterol) from your total cholesterol. This value includes all the cholesterol-carrying lipoproteins that are considered to contribute to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, such as LDL, VLDL, and IDL. Shows: Similar to LDL cholesterol, higher levels of non-HDL cholesterol are associated with an increased risk of developing heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular events. Benefits: Some healthcare professionals find non-HDL cholesterol to be a more comprehensive and sometimes a better predictor of cardiovascular risk than LDL cholesterol alone, particularly for individuals with high triglyceride levels, diabetes, or metabolic syndrome. It provides a broader picture of atherogenic (plaque-forming) lipoproteins. Who: Non-HDL cholesterol is often included in the results of a standard cholesterol panel for all adults. It may be particularly useful for individuals with elevated triglycerides or other risk factors for heart disease. Important: Non-HDL cholesterol targets are often considered alongside LDL cholesterol targets in managing cardiovascular risk. Lifestyle modifications that lower LDL cholesterol and triglycerides will also typically lower non-HDL cholesterol.

Platelet Count What: Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small, colorless cell fragments in the blood that play a crucial role in blood clotting. When there is an injury to a blood vessel, platelets clump together to form a plug, helping to stop bleeding. They also release substances that promote further clotting. Shows: A low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) can increase the risk of bleeding and bruising, even from minor injuries. It can be caused by various factors, including certain medications, autoimmune disorders, infections, and bone marrow problems. A high platelet count (thrombocytosis) can increase the risk of blood clots forming in the blood vessels, which can lead to serious health problems like heart attack or stroke. Thrombocytosis can be caused by certain medical conditions, infections, or as a reaction to surgery or injury. Benefits: Monitoring the platelet count is essential for assessing the blood's ability to clot properly. It helps identify individuals who may be at risk of bleeding disorders or excessive clotting, allowing for timely diagnosis and management. Who: Platelet count is a standard component of a complete blood count (CBC) and is used for routine health screening. It is particularly important for individuals with a history of bleeding or clotting problems, those with certain medical conditions that affect platelet production or destruction, and those taking medications that can influence platelet counts. Important: The platelet count should always be interpreted in the context of other blood count results, the individual's medical history, and any medications they are taking. Mildly abnormal platelet counts may not always be clinically significant, but significant or persistent abnormalities warrant further investigation to determine the underlying cause.

RBC (Red Blood Cell Count) What: RBC stands for red blood cell count, which is a direct measurement of the number of red blood cells present in a specific volume of blood. Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Shows: A low RBC count (anaemia) indicates that there are fewer red blood cells than normal, which can lead to a reduced capacity to carry oxygen, resulting in symptoms like fatigue and weakness. A high RBC count (polycythaemia) indicates that there are too many red blood cells, which can thicken the blood, slow blood flow, and increase the risk of blood clots. Benefits: Measuring the RBC count is essential for diagnosing and classifying anaemia and polycythaemia. Identifying these conditions is important for understanding potential underlying health issues and determining appropriate treatment. Who: The RBC count is a standard component of a complete blood count (CBC) and is used for routine health screening in adults. It is particularly relevant for individuals experiencing symptoms of anaemia (like fatigue, dizziness, paleness) or those suspected of having polycythaemia. Important: Similar to haemoglobin and haematocrit, abnormal RBC counts often require further investigation to determine the underlying cause, which could range from nutritional deficiencies to chronic diseases or bone marrow disorders.

RDW (Red Cell Distribution Width) What: Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a measure of the variation in size (volume) of your red blood cells. It is calculated as part of a complete blood count (CBC). Shows: A high RDW indicates that there is a greater than normal variation in the size of your red blood cells, a condition known as anisocytosis. This finding can be helpful in distinguishing between different types of anaemia. For example, iron deficiency anaemia often presents with a high RDW early in the course of the disease, while thalassaemia may have a normal RDW despite being microcytic. Benefits: RDW provides additional information about the red blood cell population beyond just the average size (MCV). It can help in the differential diagnosis of anaemia and may also be elevated in other conditions, such as liver disease or certain haemoglobinopathies. Who: RDW is a standard component of a complete blood count (CBC) and is relevant for anyone undergoing this test, especially those being evaluated for anaemia or other blood disorders. Important: RDW is typically interpreted in conjunction with other red blood cell indices, particularly MCV, to help classify the type of anaemia and narrow down the potential causes.

Testosterone What: Testosterone is a steroid hormone that is the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. In males, it is produced mainly in the testes and plays a crucial role in the development of male sexual characteristics, muscle mass, bone density, and libido. Women also produce testosterone, but in much smaller amounts, primarily in the ovaries and adrenal glands, where it contributes to libido, bone health, and overall well-being. Shows: Abnormal testosterone levels can indicate hormonal imbalances. Low testosterone levels in men can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, loss of muscle mass, and depressed mood. In women, low testosterone can also contribute to fatigue and decreased libido, while high levels can cause symptoms like acne, excess hair growth (hirsutism), and irregular menstrual periods. Benefits: Measuring testosterone levels can help identify potential hormonal imbalances that may be affecting energy levels, mood, sexual function, and other bodily processes. It is important for diagnosing conditions like hypogonadism in men and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women. Who: Testosterone testing may be recommended for men experiencing symptoms of low testosterone or being evaluated for infertility. In women, it may be ordered to investigate symptoms of excess androgens (male hormones) or irregular periods. It can also be used to monitor individuals undergoing hormone therapy. Important: Testosterone levels can fluctuate throughout the day and are influenced by factors such as age, sex, time of day, and certain medical conditions. Interpretation of testosterone levels should always be done by a healthcare professional who can consider these factors along with other clinical findings and laboratory tests.

TIBC (Total Iron-Binding Capacity) What: Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) is a blood test that measures the total amount of iron that can bind to proteins (primarily transferrin) in your blood. Transferrin is the main protein that transports iron in the bloodstream. TIBC essentially reflects the number of available binding sites on transferrin. Shows: TIBC is often elevated in iron deficiency anaemia because the body tries to maximize the transport of the limited iron available. It can be low in conditions of iron overload or in some chronic inflammatory states. Benefits: TIBC is used in conjunction with other iron studies, such as serum iron and ferritin, to help assess iron status and diagnose iron deficiency or overload. It provides information about the body's capacity to transport iron. Who: TIBC testing is often ordered as part of an iron panel for individuals suspected of having iron deficiency anaemia or iron overload. It may also be used to monitor the effectiveness of iron supplementation. Important: TIBC is one component of a comprehensive evaluation of iron metabolism. It is typically interpreted alongside serum iron levels to calculate transferrin saturation, which is the percentage of transferrin that is bound to iron and provides another important measure of iron status.

Total Protein What: Total protein is a blood test that measures the total amount of protein in the liquid portion of your blood (serum or plasma). The two main types of proteins measured are albumin and globulins. Shows: Abnormal levels of total protein can indicate a variety of health conditions. Low total protein levels can be seen in conditions such as malnutrition, liver disease (where albumin production may be reduced), kidney disease (where protein may be lost in the urine), and malabsorption disorders. High total protein levels can occur in dehydration or in certain conditions where there is an overproduction of specific proteins, such as in multiple myeloma (an increase in immunoglobulins). Benefits: Measuring total protein provides a general overview of the protein balance in the body. Proteins are essential for many bodily functions, including building and repairing tissues, fighting infections, and transporting substances. Who: Total protein is often included as part of a routine blood test called a comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) or a basic metabolic panel (BMP), which are commonly used for general health screening. Important: Because total protein includes both albumin and globulins, an abnormal result often requires further investigation to determine which specific protein fraction is affected. This may involve measuring albumin and globulins separately or performing a test called serum protein electrophoresis to identify specific protein abnormalities.

Triglycerides What: Triglycerides are a type of fat (lipid) in your blood. Your body converts any calories it doesn't need right away into triglycerides, which are stored in fat cells. When your body needs energy, it releases these triglycerides into the bloodstream. Shows: High levels of triglycerides are associated with an increased risk of heart disease, especially when accompanied by other risk factors such as high LDL cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol. Very high triglyceride levels can also increase the risk of pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas). Benefits: Monitoring triglyceride levels is an important part of assessing overall cardiovascular risk and managing lipid disorders. Who: Triglyceride levels are typically measured as part of a lipid panel, which is recommended for all adults as part of routine health screening. Individuals with risk factors for heart disease, such as obesity, diabetes, a family history of high triglycerides, or those who consume a high-carbohydrate or high-fat diet, should have their triglyceride levels checked regularly. Important: Triglyceride levels are highly influenced by recent food intake, so the blood test is usually performed after an overnight fast (typically 9-12 hours). Lifestyle modifications, including adopting a healthy diet low in saturated and trans fats and refined carbohydrates, engaging in regular physical activity, and maintaining a healthy weight, are often the first line of treatment for high triglycerides. Medications may be prescribed if lifestyle changes are not sufficient.

TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) What: Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), also known as thyrotropin, is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland in the brain. Its primary role is to regulate the function of the thyroid gland, which produces thyroid hormones (thyroxine or T4, and triiodothyronine or T3). TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release these hormones. Shows: TSH levels are a very sensitive indicator of thyroid function. High TSH: Usually indicates hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). When thyroid hormone levels are low, the pituitary gland produces more TSH to try to stimulate the thyroid to produce more hormone. Low TSH: Typically suggests hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). When thyroid hormone levels are high, the pituitary gland produces less TSH to reduce stimulation of the thyroid. Benefits: Measuring TSH is the primary way to screen for and diagnose thyroid disorders. It helps ensure optimal thyroid function, which is crucial for regulating energy levels, metabolism, body temperature, heart rate, and many other bodily functions. Who: TSH testing is recommended for individuals experiencing symptoms that may be related to a thyroid disorder, such as fatigue, weight changes, hair loss, feeling cold or hot, anxiety, or changes in heart rate. It is also often used for routine screening, especially in women and older adults, and to monitor individuals with known thyroid conditions. Important: While TSH is a key indicator of thyroid health, other thyroid tests, such as free T4 (FT4) and sometimes free T3 (FT3) and thyroid antibodies, may be needed to get a complete picture of thyroid function and diagnose specific thyroid disorders. Certain medications and non-thyroidal illnesses can also affect TSH levels, so results should be interpreted by a healthcare professional in the context of an individual's overall health.

UIBC (Unsaturated Iron-Binding Capacity) What: Unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC) is a blood test that measures the amount of transferrin (the main iron-transporting protein in the blood) that is not currently bound to iron. It represents the reserve capacity of transferrin to bind more iron. Shows: High UIBC: Typically seen in iron deficiency, as there is plenty of transferrin available but not enough iron to saturate it. Low UIBC: Can be seen in conditions of iron overload, where most of the transferrin is already bound to iron, or in some chronic diseases. Benefits: UIBC is used in conjunction with serum iron levels to calculate transferrin saturation (the percentage of transferrin that is bound to iron), which is a key indicator of iron status. Together, these measurements help in the diagnosis and management of iron deficiency and iron overload. Who: UIBC testing is often ordered as part of an iron panel for individuals suspected of having iron deficiency anaemia or iron overload. Important: UIBC is always interpreted in relation to serum iron levels. Transferrin saturation, calculated as (serum iron / TIBC) x 100%, where TIBC is the sum of serum iron and UIBC, provides a more direct measure of how much iron is being transported in the blood relative to the available capacity.

Urea What: Urea, also known as blood urea nitrogen (BUN), is a waste product formed in the liver when the body breaks down proteins. Urea is then filtered from the blood by the kidneys and excreted in urine. Shows: Elevated urea levels in the blood can indicate that the kidneys are not functioning properly and are not effectively filtering waste products. High urea levels can also be caused by dehydration, a high-protein diet, certain medications, or conditions that reduce blood flow to the kidneys. Low urea levels are less common but can be seen in severe liver disease or malnutrition. Benefits: Measuring urea levels is a common way to assess kidney function. It can help detect kidney problems early on and monitor the progression of kidney disease or the effectiveness of treatment. Who: Urea testing is often included as part of routine blood tests, such as a basic metabolic panel (BMP) or comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP), to screen for kidney issues. It is particularly important for individuals with risk factors for kidney disease, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or a family history of kidney problems, as well as those experiencing symptoms of kidney dysfunction. Important: Urea levels can be influenced by factors other than kidney function, including diet (especially protein intake), hydration status, and liver function. Therefore, urea levels are often interpreted in conjunction with other kidney function tests, such as creatinine and eGFR, for a more accurate assessment of kidney health.

White Cell Count (WBC) What: The white cell count (WBC count) measures the total number of white blood cells in a sample of blood. White blood cells, also called leukocytes, are a crucial part of the body's immune system, defending against infections, inflammation, and other diseases. Shows: An elevated WBC count (leukocytosis) can indicate that the body is fighting an infection, is experiencing inflammation, or is under stress. It can also be a sign of certain blood disorders or cancers. A low WBC count (leukopenia) can increase the risk of infection, as the body has fewer cells to fight off pathogens. Leukopenia can be caused by certain medications, autoimmune disorders, bone marrow problems, or severe infections. Benefits: Measuring the WBC count provides a general assessment of the status of the immune system. It can help detect potential health issues affecting the body's ability to fight off illness. Who: The WBC count is a standard component of a complete blood count (CBC) and is used for routine health screening as well as when there are signs or symptoms of infection, inflammation, or other medical conditions affecting the immune system. Important: While the total WBC count provides an overall picture, a more detailed analysis called a differential white blood cell count is often necessary to determine which specific types of white blood cells are elevated or low. The differential count measures the percentages of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, providing more specific information about the nature of the immune response.